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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natürliche Transformation</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>In der <a href="Kategorientheorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorientheorie</a>, einem <a href="Teilgebiet_der_Mathematik" class="mw-redirect" title="Teilgebiet der Mathematik">Teilgebiet der Mathematik</a>, stellt eine <b>natürliche Transformation</b> eine Möglichkeit dar, einen <a href="Funktor_(Mathematik)" title="Funktor (Mathematik)">Funktor</a> in einen anderen zu transformieren, und das unter Beibehaltung der inneren Struktur der beteiligten <a href="Kategorie_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kategorie (Mathematik)">Kategorien</a>, das heißt der Kompositionen von <a href="Morphismus" title="Morphismus">Morphismen</a>.
Tatsächlich kann diese Intuition so formalisiert werden, dass man zum Begriff der sogenannten <a href="Funktorkategorie" title="Funktorkategorie">Funktorkategorie</a> gelangt.
Natürliche Transformationen gehören nach <i>Kategorien</i> und <i>Funktoren</i> zu den fundamentalsten Begriffen der Kategorientheorie und kommen daher in der Mehrzahl ihrer Anwendungen vor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> Funktoren zwischen den Kategorien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Eine <b>natürliche Transformation</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Familie von Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e90d741373f8102d99ce6d7ff95d10853c65a24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.47ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass Folgendes gilt:
</p>
<ol><li>Für jedes Objekt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5be693479b8da9fdf4fbb0b3437e68be21ae03f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.788ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\rightarrow G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\rightarrow G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a24a452eac46870c94513b98b939aa7050ecb474.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\rightarrow G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3277962e1959c3241fb1b70c7f0ac6dcefebd966.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.792ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5be693479b8da9fdf4fbb0b3437e68be21ae03f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.788ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt die Komponente von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Die Komponenten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllen für jeden Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f986e95e93b70de25a0084daf075cb02c3ccae8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gleichung</li></ol>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{Y}\circ F(f)=G(f)\circ \eta _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{Y}\circ F(f)=G(f)\circ \eta _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a61338ba33153b79ec1d57e15f388ee88ed76db7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.661ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{Y}\circ F(f)=G(f)\circ \eta _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Diese Gleichung wird übersichtlich durch folgendes <a href="Kommutatives_Diagramm" title="Kommutatives Diagramm">kommutatives Diagramm</a> ausgedrückt:
</p>
<p>Sind beide Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Kontravarianter_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontravarianter Funktor">kontravariant</a>, so kehren sich die vertikalen Pfeile in obigem Diagramm um.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> eine natürliche Transformation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, so schreibt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dbf7a7607ffb85612e0abc461850ef1f67265b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\implies G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⟹<!-- ⟹ --></mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\implies G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d09e41304fe0afa12fa5e8118567cb3b23ad725f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.157ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\implies G}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Das drückt man auch durch die Redeweise aus, dass die Familie von Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c991a0e2e9af011dca6c95dc7d8c0dc4e703e1a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> <b>natürlich</b> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> sei.
</p><p>Wenn alle Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5be693479b8da9fdf4fbb0b3437e68be21ae03f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.788ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismen</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3277962e1959c3241fb1b70c7f0ac6dcefebd966.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.792ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind, so nennt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> einen <b>natürlichen Isomorphismus</b> oder eine <b>natürliche Äquivalenz</b> oder einen <b>Isomorphismus der Funktoren</b>.
Zwei Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> heißen <b>natürlich isomorph</b> oder einfach <b>isomorph</b>, wenn es einen natürlichen Isomorphismus von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt.
</p><p>Zu einer beliebigen Familie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e90d741373f8102d99ce6d7ff95d10853c65a24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.47ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X\in {\mathcal {C}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> von Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c991a0e2e9af011dca6c95dc7d8c0dc4e703e1a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt es eine größte <a href="Unterkategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterkategorie">Unterkategorie</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass die Einschränkung darauf einen natürliche Transformation ist. Sie besteht aus allen Objekten von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und allen Morphismen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die obige Bedingung erfüllen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gegengruppen">Gegengruppen</h3></div>
<p>Jede Gruppe ist natürlich isomorph zu ihrer Gegengruppe.
Aussagen dieser Art kommen in der modernen Mathematik sehr häufig vor.
Wir wollen die genaue Bedeutung dieser Aussage und auch ihren Beweis wiedergeben.
</p><p>Betrachte die Kategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/191bbae217f4ff30da3b479fbf8e3fbab9497f69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.688ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aller <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppen</a> mit den <a href="Gruppenhomomorphismus" title="Gruppenhomomorphismus">Gruppenhomomorphismen</a> als Morphismen.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G,*)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G,*)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e54a87abf331634c8962ef14c4c5ec41f94fd29c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.832ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G,*)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Gruppe, so definieren wir ihre Gegengruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (G^{\text{op}},{*}^{\text{op}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (G^{\text{op}},{*}^{\text{op}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61b26cbe323849760fd2ae90b024a678f4634157.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.769ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (G^{\text{op}},{*}^{\text{op}})}" loading="lazy"></span> wie folgt:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25b0977985a91c73105201fb9569cd3f069a9a13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.795ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dieselbe Menge wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Gruppenoperation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dee648391416e246f51cca8fed33b61e9708eea3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:3.131ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird definiert durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a*^{\text{op}}b=b*a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a*^{\text{op}}b=b*a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40c27784d05f259b5806c599b408070ed79941e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.911ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a*^{\text{op}}b=b*a}" loading="lazy"></span>.
In diesem Sinne sind alle Multiplikationen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25b0977985a91c73105201fb9569cd3f069a9a13.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.795ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> „umgedreht“.
Der Übergang zur Gegengruppe wird zu einem kovarianten Funktor von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/191bbae217f4ff30da3b479fbf8e3fbab9497f69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.688ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/191bbae217f4ff30da3b479fbf8e3fbab9497f69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.688ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn wir <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}:=f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}:=f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1591cba834bfc10c4f211c41f1751aff006f54a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.313ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}:=f}" loading="lazy"></span> für jeden Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b01cffaf0bcf24966e7d64f7f1ecc5fd7fdc511.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> definieren.
Beachte, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0927498607839c5c108e0d472b7472b21d65c91.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.289ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> tatsächlich ein Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}\rightarrow H^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}\rightarrow H^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a8bfecc2ce6e5e3f4cad11d530bbb2c233891a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.481ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{\text{op}}\rightarrow H^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, denn
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}(a*^{\text{op}}b)=f(b*a)=f(b)*f(a)=f^{\text{op}}(a)*^{\text{op}}f^{\text{op}}(b).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}(a*^{\text{op}}b)=f(b*a)=f(b)*f(a)=f^{\text{op}}(a)*^{\text{op}}f^{\text{op}}(b).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62819f75447e3740fc550340eee10622c43c7dd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.125ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}(a*^{\text{op}}b)=f(b*a)=f(b)*f(a)=f^{\text{op}}(a)*^{\text{op}}f^{\text{op}}(b).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Inhalt obiger Aussage ist:
</p>
<dl><dd>„Der identische Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Id}}_{\textbf {Grp}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Id</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Id}}_{\textbf {Grp}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f53b72d8d5c4c4401c32d1e825c37b7e7a70e32.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.704ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Id}}_{\textbf {Grp}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist natürlich isomorph zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{op}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{op}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dd7f7385f79cb5f33687f9e09ce333d314204b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{op}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.“</dd></dl>
<p>Zum Beweis müssen wir für jede Gruppe einen Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{op}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{op}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f2ed5f1033760e12fa5209f4ac02c334d1b5126.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{op}}}" loading="lazy"></span> finden, so dass obiges Diagramm kommutiert.
Dazu setze <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}(a)=a^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{G}(a)=a^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/265defb89b3898555c895f77fb700b85b39135e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.38ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}(a)=a^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Die Formeln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a*b)^{-1}=b^{-1}*a^{-1}=a^{-1}*^{\text{op}}b^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a*b)^{-1}=b^{-1}*a^{-1}=a^{-1}*^{\text{op}}b^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/468007fdcc339326caf37b3767d53f4c91633ce6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.905ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a*b)^{-1}=b^{-1}*a^{-1}=a^{-1}*^{\text{op}}b^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a^{-1})^{-1}=a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a^{-1})^{-1}=a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e75aeb06be476dd8810d1ce8816cde5bddbc789c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.033ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a^{-1})^{-1}=a}" loading="lazy"></span>
zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{G}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9d05ab872026ae99deecb42f0d98bbd4e8ab3d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.679ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{G}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Gruppenhomomorphismus mit der Umkehrung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{G^{\text{op}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{G^{\text{op}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a09286831627187356de08d15da6b6ee65eecb7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.253ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{G^{\text{op}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.
Zum Nachweis der Natürlichkeit gehen wir von einem Gruppenhomomorphismus
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b01cffaf0bcf24966e7d64f7f1ecc5fd7fdc511.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> aus und zeigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{H}\circ f=f^{\text{op}}\circ \eta _{G}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{H}\circ f=f^{\text{op}}\circ \eta _{G}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f59ceb9afc172e16aac00eb3b30c45d3fd13a8ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{H}\circ f=f^{\text{op}}\circ \eta _{G}}" loading="lazy"></span>, das heißt
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f^{\text{op}}(a^{-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f^{\text{op}}(a^{-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d9cfb012585005b263de2a3882933c15a826cb4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.219ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f^{\text{op}}(a^{-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das gilt, weil
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}=f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}=f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c645fcd967a65e04cc7d46058877615aa3b09dfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.666ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{op}}=f}" loading="lazy"></span> und jeder Gruppenhomomorphismus die Eigenschaft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f(a^{-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f(a^{-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d9c6e41e802ab90c0841e7e383f4ef32edc43ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.209ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (f(a))^{-1}=f(a^{-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> hat.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abelisierung">Abelisierung</h3></div>
<p>Zu einer Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachten wir ihre <a href="Abelisierung" title="Abelisierung">Abelisierung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}:=G/[G,G]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}:=G/[G,G]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ad8ffcbee0924ea219e024d93e16f342aa6acf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.51ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}:=G/[G,G]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/daac6717fc26c8e12a69eecc34a05ba7f417a020.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.119ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{G}\colon G\to G^{\text{ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Quotientenabbildung" title="Quotientenabbildung">Quotientenabbildung</a> auf die Menge der <a href="Gruppentheorie#Nebenklassen" title="Gruppentheorie">Nebenklassen</a> von <a href="Kommutator_(Mathematik)" title="Kommutator (Mathematik)">[<i>G,G</i>] </a>.
Dieser Homomorphismus ist natürlich in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span>, wie wir nun zeigen werden.
Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Gruppe und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b01cffaf0bcf24966e7d64f7f1ecc5fd7fdc511.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Homomorphismus.
Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [G,G]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [G,G]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ddf7a724a331d1e12ffa6571ba246ebf08f1335.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.981ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [G,G]}" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d163371ccb571b64c53142b2fa7eac7b1298043c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.49ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}" loading="lazy"></span> enthalten, denn jeder Homomorphismus in eine <a href="Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Abelsche Gruppe">abelsche Gruppe</a> bildet jeden Kommutator auf das <a href="Neutrales_Element" title="Neutrales Element">neutrale Element</a> ab.
Dann faktorisiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d163371ccb571b64c53142b2fa7eac7b1298043c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.49ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{H}\circ f}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89c7467f4e74e51780983115d7ff01f6fce3c208.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.795ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G^{\text{ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\circ \pi _{G}=\pi _{H}\circ f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\circ \pi _{G}=\pi _{H}\circ f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bb93cd574e7cb78bd93d934ea42e90857cd7f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.921ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\circ \pi _{G}=\pi _{H}\circ f}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einem eindeutigen Homomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\colon G^{\text{ab}}\to H^{\text{ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\colon G^{\text{ab}}\to H^{\text{ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d722874646947bd8cfdde37db0a98f56c6d1cb8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.803ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{\text{ab}}\colon G^{\text{ab}}\to H^{\text{ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Das macht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03b753de729bcc9897b7cbb2783588a5d0753b38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}\colon {\textbf {Grp}}\to {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einem Funktor und
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi =(\pi _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Grp}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi =(\pi _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Grp}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/543dad7213f9fee7aab6fe8a10773b1bbfb75a7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.024ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi =(\pi _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Grp}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einer natürlichen Transformation vom identischen Funktor zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fafba4238a7d323dea1563d9451c1b0a731f11e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.455ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, allerdings nicht zu einem natürlichen Isomorphismus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurewicz-Homomorphismus">Hurewicz-Homomorphismus</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Algebraische_Topologie" title="Algebraische Topologie">algebraische Topologie</a> ist reich an Funktoren und natürlichen Transformationen.
Als Beispiel betrachten wir den <a href="Hurewicz-Homomorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurewicz-Homomorphismus">Hurewicz-Homomorphismus</a>.
Für jeden <a href="Punktierter_topologischer_Raum" title="Punktierter topologischer Raum">punktierten topologischen Raum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eddd1abbad01ef84d71aec6322e8d8aed1927a9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.153ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,x)}" loading="lazy"></span> und jede positive natürliche Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> existiert ein Gruppenhomomorphismus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{n}\colon \pi _{n}(X,x)\to H_{n}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{n}\colon \pi _{n}(X,x)\to H_{n}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f17ffcfffd99c16c67980d45d9fff333f5ef7a27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.841ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{n}\colon \pi _{n}(X,x)\to H_{n}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>von der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ten <a href="Homotopiegruppe" title="Homotopiegruppe">Homotopiegruppe</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eddd1abbad01ef84d71aec6322e8d8aed1927a9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.153ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,x)}" loading="lazy"></span> in die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-te <a href="Singul%C3%A4re_Homologie" title="Singuläre Homologie">singuläre Homologiegruppe</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Sowohl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3144ebd68015a67d92ab797a63d232c65ead26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.544ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> als auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e63458b04288bbe116a9a8037dfae0b36b2c639a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Funktoren von der Kategorie <b>Top<sup>*</sup></b> der punktierten topologischen Räume in die Kategorie <b>Grp</b> der Gruppen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc869ca124a4bbb264113f1b3b40d78e09c055be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.557ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine natürliche Transformation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e3144ebd68015a67d92ab797a63d232c65ead26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.544ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e63458b04288bbe116a9a8037dfae0b36b2c639a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinante">Determinante</h3></div>
<p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Kommutativer_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommutativer Ring">kommutative Ringe</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon R\to S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon R\to S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ab327374b64f9b6e4fd82a16799e709915a2b63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.19ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon R\to S}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Ringhomomorphismus, so definiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> durch komponentenweise Anwendung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf311ab53d6a5b48b567ccbe4e22b0b09cbba8af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.584ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14aad8e36f63cbf0b404f2789671651cd0475d3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(S)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(S)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5acf1f59b765fe372f295f18a9abfc5b3346cca0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.804ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(S)}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14aad8e36f63cbf0b404f2789671651cd0475d3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Regul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Reguläre Matrix">Gruppe der invertierbaren Matrizen</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Zeilen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Spalten sei.
Ganz ähnlich ist die Einschränkung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Gruppenhomomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{*}\colon R^{*}\to S^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{*}\colon R^{*}\to S^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbffdcd8cfec52cd8dfb4307b356e2802ceef24e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.417ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{*}\colon R^{*}\to S^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7a74b1bc0fa98794b6460254044f8e7b75e6d84f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Einheitengruppe" title="Einheitengruppe">Einheitengruppe</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> sei.
Tatsächlich sind hierdurch Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e2cf670c60acf6b8baa7ad05eee5c3c34c3bec6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.496ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e9972f426d9e07855984f73ee195a21dbc21755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *}" loading="lazy"></span> von der Kategorie der kommutativen Ringe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {CRing}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">CRing</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {CRing}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a250d3538814646540801bf961f9439c19ea137f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.498ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {CRing}}}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Kategorie der Gruppen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Grp</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/191bbae217f4ff30da3b479fbf8e3fbab9497f69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.688ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Grp}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben.
Die Einschränkung der <a href="Determinante" title="Determinante">Determinante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>det</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c13ff0fc3023335b738921ba4f7d92cc09ef1e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.709ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14aad8e36f63cbf0b404f2789671651cd0475d3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Homomorphismus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}\colon {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)\to R^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>det</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}\colon {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)\to R^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47391e67f38e2d9e090d98293648485191263864.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.244ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{det}}_{R}\colon {\text{GL}}_{n}(R)\to R^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>der natürlich in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, denn da die Determinante für jeden Ring durch dieselbe Formel definiert ist, gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\circ {\text{det}}_{R}={\text{det}}_{S}\circ {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>det</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>det</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\circ {\text{det}}_{R}={\text{det}}_{S}\circ {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d578ddd3b887fcccafd174f3854b80a0db068fcb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.581ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\circ {\text{det}}_{R}={\text{det}}_{S}\circ {\text{GL}}_{n}(f)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Dies macht die Determinate zu einer natürlichen Transformation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e2cf670c60acf6b8baa7ad05eee5c3c34c3bec6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.496ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{GL}}_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle *}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle *}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e9972f426d9e07855984f73ee195a21dbc21755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.079ex; margin-bottom: -0.25ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle *}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bidual_eines_Vektorraums">Bidual eines Vektorraums</h3></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a>, so ist für jeden <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> eine „natürliche“, <a href="Injektive_Abbildung" class="mw-redirect" title="Injektive Abbildung">injektive</a>, <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">lineare</a> Abbildungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24980027ad979887afc5696dd99d0d95be0807dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.194ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Vektorraums in seinen <a href="Bidualraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidualraum">Bidualraum</a> definiert.
Diese Abbildungen sind in folgendem Sinne natürlich:
Die Zuordnung zum Bidualraum ist ein Funktor, und die Abbildungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24980027ad979887afc5696dd99d0d95be0807dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.194ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\to V^{**}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Komponenten einer natürlichen Transformation vom identischen Funktor zum Bidualraum-Funktor.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endliche_Analysis">Endliche Analysis</h3></div>
<p>Für jede abelsche Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> bildet die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Hom}}_{\textbf {Set}}(\mathbb {Z} ,U(G))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Hom</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Set</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Hom}}_{\textbf {Set}}(\mathbb {Z} ,U(G))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4526d576786b3207b6c824099ee9dcdb2fd8fe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.537ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Hom}}_{\textbf {Set}}(\mathbb {Z} ,U(G))}" loading="lazy"></span> der Funktionen von den ganzen Zahlen in die unterliegende Menge von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> eine mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3864f3d5d1ddcf628f6aca7ebb46d9994aaf16cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.32ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnete abelsche Gruppe bezüglich der punktweisen Addition. Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> der übliche <a href="Vergissfunktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergissfunktor">Vergissfunktor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Set</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fcb2254819a2bc3b2f12c06b9ae90b9e8be7c863.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.685ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/846c7494a310f2bfef8995fd078fb0abb21fba25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.506ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi \colon G\to G'}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10b7bcca6176108c5aa6b156d447b1a78949ade1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.505ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Morphismus, so ist die Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(\varphi )\colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G')}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(\varphi )\colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G')}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/646eab97fc41d7b2eddb6fe5a0d2a181001548d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.985ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(\varphi )\colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G')}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\mapsto \varphi \circ f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\mapsto \varphi \circ f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b32ff0955125c481a6c492f1920ae128378a17c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.886ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\mapsto \varphi \circ f}" loading="lazy"></span> selbst ein Homomorphismus abelscher Gruppen.
Auf diese Weise erhalten wir einen Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3994b00637b4d484c412af82bcd5a8d6fad1ee34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.341ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }\colon {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Der endliche Differenzoperator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2173e28a4dfa449e4b6dabad389c4d161627f01f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.46ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der jede Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {Z} \to U(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {Z} \to U(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fd4baac4c58e04e1fe21801f503d48d53ddfffc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.896ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {Z} \to U(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}(f)\colon n\mapsto f(n+1)-f(n)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}(f)\colon n\mapsto f(n+1)-f(n)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6595d93aaa27faa8f1c74641b688d04702cf9e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{G}(f)\colon n\mapsto f(n+1)-f(n)}" loading="lazy"></span> abbildet, ist eine Abbildung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3864f3d5d1ddcf628f6aca7ebb46d9994aaf16cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.32ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\mathbb {Z} }(G)}" loading="lazy"></span> in sich selbst.
Die Familie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta =(\Delta _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Ab}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta =(\Delta _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Ab}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1d0120738ebfd7c067accc0a26d0019ba9fd27c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.402ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta =(\Delta _{G})_{G\in {\textbf {Ab}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dieser Abbildungen definiert eine natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b9c9e03be5ef9d4b430a61f3bf5da00adc6cd9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.951ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \colon V_{\mathbb {Z} }\to V_{\mathbb {Z} }}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensor-Hom-Adjunktion">Tensor-Hom-Adjunktion</h3></div>
<p>Betrachte die Kategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10b7bcca6176108c5aa6b156d447b1a78949ade1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.505ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der abelschen Gruppen und Gruppenhomomorphismen.
Für je drei abelsche Gruppen gibt es einen Gruppenhomomorphismus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (X\otimes Y,Z)\to \operatorname {Hom} (X,\operatorname {Hom} (Y,Z))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (X\otimes Y,Z)\to \operatorname {Hom} (X,\operatorname {Hom} (Y,Z))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d99265dddb315ee43f2bf72ac739a97b9fe7b93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.376ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (X\otimes Y,Z)\to \operatorname {Hom} (X,\operatorname {Hom} (Y,Z))}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Diese Isomorphismen sind in dem Sinne natürlich, dass sie eine natürliche Transformation zwischen den Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-\otimes -,-)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-\otimes -,-)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebae69c74cf0d4873b7b70f2dbaebbd3a421b7bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-\otimes -,-)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-,\operatorname {Hom} (-,-))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-,\operatorname {Hom} (-,-))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458e79ae49aec3c5ef1d1889f34bbc1e6c2f4fd1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.794ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (-,\operatorname {Hom} (-,-))}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>op</mtext>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c48fc2072b19798171f6f30166298612fa0cbda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:27.25ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}^{\text{op}}\times {\textbf {Ab}}\to {\textbf {Ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span> definieren.
Hier steht „op“ für die <a href="Duale_Kategorie" title="Duale Kategorie">duale Kategorie</a> und nicht für den oben betrachteten (und auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Ab</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10b7bcca6176108c5aa6b156d447b1a78949ade1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.505ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Ab}}}" loading="lazy"></span> trivialen) Funktor der Gegengruppen.
</p><p>Dies ist formal die <a href="Adjungierter_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjungierter Funktor">Adjunktion</a> zwischen <a href="Tensorprodukt" title="Tensorprodukt">Tensorierung</a> und <a href="Hom-Funktor" title="Hom-Funktor">Hom-Funktor</a>, es handelt sich um den <a href="Archetyp_(Philosophie)" title="Archetyp (Philosophie)">Archetyp</a> eines Paares adjungierter Funktoren.
Natürliche Transformationen treten häufig in Verbindung mit adjungierten Funktoren auf, tatsächlich sind adjungierte Funktoren mittels gewisser natürlicher Isomorphismen definiert.
Zusätzlich ist jedes Paar adjungierter Funktoren mit zwei weiteren natürlichen Transformationen (die im Allgemeinen keine natürlichen Isomorphismen sind) verbunden, nämlich der <a href="Adjunktion_(Kategorientheorie)#Einheit_und_Koeinheit_der_Adjunktion" title="Adjunktion (Kategorientheorie)">Einheit und der Koeinheit</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unnatürliche_Isomorphismen"><span id="Unnat.C3.BCrliche_Isomorphismen"></span>Unnatürliche Isomorphismen</h2></div>
<p>Der Begriff der natürlichen Transformation ist kategoriell und besagt, informell gesprochen, dass eine bestimmte Abbildung zwischen Funktoren in konsistenter Weise über die gesamte Kategorie hinweg erstellt werden kann.
Einzelne Abbildungen, insbesondere Isomorphismen, zwischen einzelnen Objekten (also nicht auf der gesamten Kategorie gegeben) werden „natürlich“ bzw. „natürliche Isomorphismen“ genannt, wenn man ihre Definitionen derart auf die gesamte Kategorie ausdehnen kann, dass man eine natürliche Transformation zwischen Funktoren erhält.
Die Formalisierung dieser Intuition war ein motivierendes Element in der Entwicklung der Kategorientheorie.
Umgekehrt nennt man einen Isomorphismus zwischen einzelnen Objekten „unnatürlich“ oder „nicht natürlich“, wenn diese Abbildung nicht zu einer natürlichen Transformation auf der gesamten Kategorie ausdehnen kann.
Ist ein Objekt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben und ein Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> (der Einfachheit halber wählen wir den ersten der beteiligten Funktoren als identischen Funktor) und ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon X\to G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon X\to G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99e8246c9d0f5b3c2475e38d72547e59715baaa4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.413ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon X\to G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Isomorphismus, so kann die Unnatürlichkeit am einfachsten dadurch gezeigt werden, dass man einen Automorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\colon X\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\colon X\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bca0ea38ecf90bc1be74a9b8badc55d5d93ac23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.838ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\colon X\to X}" loading="lazy"></span> angibt, der nicht mit dem Isomorphismus kommutiert, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \circ a\neq G(a)\circ \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \circ a\neq G(a)\circ \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d77f343cd1788d1f6149d40f60b3397dd924851b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.922ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \circ a\neq G(a)\circ \eta }" loading="lazy"></span>.
Will man die stärkere Aussage beweisen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6286b58ec31d355d6291e63760d5025dab75a99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht natürlich isomorph sind, ohne dabei einen bestimmten Isomorphismus zu betrachten, muss man für jeden Isomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> einen solchen nicht-kommutierenden Automorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> finden. In manchen Fällen genügt dafür schon ein einziger Automorphismus für alle Kandidaten, in anderen Fällen muss man für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> ein anderes passendes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> konstruieren.
Die Morphismen der Kategorie spielen dabei eine Schlüsselrolle, im Extremfall einer Kategorie, in der die Identitäten die einzigen Morphismen sind, ist jede Familie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/607704cb3dad8bfee5de1baeafe5226b385e62aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.497ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =(\eta _{X})_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span> von Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c991a0e2e9af011dca6c95dc7d8c0dc4e703e1a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.582ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{X}\colon F(X)\to G(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> für zwei gegebene Funktoren in eine andere Kategorie eine natürliche Transformation.
</p><p>Das ist vergleichbar zu gewissen Konzepten aus der Gruppentheorie oder Modultheorie, bei denen Zerlegungen eines Objektes in direkte Summen „nicht natürlich“, oder eher „nicht eindeutig“ sind, da es Automorphismen gibt, die die direkte Summenzerlegung nicht erhalten. Ein Beispiel dafür ist der <a href="Hauptsatz_%C3%BCber_endlich_erzeugte_abelsche_Gruppen" title="Hauptsatz über endlich erzeugte abelsche Gruppen">Hauptsatz über endlich erzeugte abelsche Gruppen</a>.
</p><p>Manche Autoren unterscheiden diese Begriffe auch in ihrer Schreibweise, sie verwenden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cong }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cong }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a725ebc5ab8de11d7b71a8aa5a3706c2ea467885.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.049ex; margin-bottom: -0.22ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cong }" loading="lazy"></span> für natürliche Isomorphismen, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }" loading="lazy"></span> für unnatürliche Isomorphismen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/505a4ceef454c69dffd23792c84b90f488543743.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =}" loading="lazy"></span> für Gleichheit.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiel:_Fundamentalgruppe_des_Torus">Beispiel: Fundamentalgruppe des Torus</h3></div>
<p>Als Beispiel für die Unterscheidung zwischen funktoriellen Aussagen und solchen über individuelle Objekte betrachten wir <a href="Homotopiegruppe" title="Homotopiegruppe">Homotopiegruppen</a>, speziell die <a href="Fundamentalgruppe" title="Fundamentalgruppe">Fundamentalgruppe</a> des <a href="Torus" title="Torus">Torus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Homotopiegruppe eines <a href="Topologisches_Produkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Topologisches Produkt">Produktraums</a> ist auf natürliche Weise gleich dem Produkt der Homotopiegruppen der Komponenten, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}((X,x_{0})\times (Y,y_{0}))\cong \pi _{n}((X,x_{0}))\times \pi _{n}((Y,y_{0}))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{n}((X,x_{0})\times (Y,y_{0}))\cong \pi _{n}((X,x_{0}))\times \pi _{n}((Y,y_{0}))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6a1344f78ad4324244f6f59d04b1dd530138601.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.872ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{n}((X,x_{0})\times (Y,y_{0}))\cong \pi _{n}((X,x_{0}))\times \pi _{n}((Y,y_{0}))}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei der Isomorphismus durch die Projektionen auf die beiden Faktoren gegeben ist. Das gilt im Wesentlichen deshalb, weil Abbildungen in einen Produktraum genau die Produkte der Abbildungen in die Komponenten sind.
Das ist eine funktorielle Aussage.
</p><p>Der Torus, der auf abstrakte Weise ein Produkt zweier Kreise ist, hat jedenfalls als Fundamentalgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a807ab4cb3de13a66771b5a303aca31e0391e6aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.605ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, aber die Zerlegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f140c04259b8f56b3390e694a656feefcbaed60d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.792ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht natürlich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \pi _{1}(S^{1},x_{0})\times \pi _{1}(S^{1},y_{0})\cong \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} =\mathbb {Z} ^{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \pi _{1}(S^{1},x_{0})\times \pi _{1}(S^{1},y_{0})\cong \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} =\mathbb {Z} ^{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/933d9fe0cf4615f6d6740547acd7713d36f6aa75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.255ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}(T,t_{0})\approx \pi _{1}(S^{1},x_{0})\times \pi _{1}(S^{1},y_{0})\cong \mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} =\mathbb {Z} ^{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Beachte die Verwendung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f58f4c2b73283ce8a5ad28fb3746f2a8c998789.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.125ex; margin-bottom: -0.297ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx }" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cong }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cong }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a725ebc5ab8de11d7b71a8aa5a3706c2ea467885.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.049ex; margin-bottom: -0.22ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cong }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/505a4ceef454c69dffd23792c84b90f488543743.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.307ex; margin-bottom: -0.478ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Dieser abstrakte Isomorphismus mit dem Produkt ist nicht natürlich, denn manche Automorphismen auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> erhalten das Produkt nicht.
Der Automorphismus (<a href="Hom%C3%B6omorphismus" title="Homöomorphismus">Homöomorphismus</a>) auf dem Torus, den man sich als <a href="Quotiententopologie" title="Quotiententopologie">Quotientenraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=\mathbb {R} ^{2}/\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T=\mathbb {R} ^{2}/\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4f5d0cf96edf86b320d2fe8868dd41e412b23c28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.234ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=\mathbb {R} ^{2}/\mathbb {Z} ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben denke, der durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1&1\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle scriptlevel="1">
<mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1&1\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9b2a67bc490d419ea5f11feed50dd99f8574a8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.299ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\begin{smallmatrix}1&1\\0&1\end{smallmatrix}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben ist (geometrisch ist das ein <a href="Dehn-Twist" title="Dehn-Twist">Dehn-Twist</a>), erhält nicht die Produktstruktur, da die definierende Matrix nicht diagonal ist.
Ist allerdings der Torus als Produkt gegeben, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (T,t_{0})=(S^{1},x_{0})\times (S^{1},y_{0})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (T,t_{0})=(S^{1},x_{0})\times (S^{1},y_{0})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d571d4335a3e891c200d71c8920b28eb781d3b9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.728ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (T,t_{0})=(S^{1},x_{0})\times (S^{1},y_{0})}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ergibt sich die Zerlegung der Gruppe wie oben angegeben durch die Projektionsabbildungen.
Kategorientheoretisch ausgedrückt ist die hier relevante Kategorie die der Produkträume, die mit ihrer Produktstruktur gegeben sind, und den Abbildungen zwischen ihnen, die als Paare von Abbildungen zwischen den Komponenten gegeben sind.
</p><p>Natürlichkeit ist ein kategorieller Begriff und erfordert eine präzise Angabe der vorliegenden Daten. Der Torus als topologischer Raum, der in der Kategorie der topologischen Räume und stetigen Abbildungen als ein Produkt geschrieben werden kann, ist etwas anderes als ein bereits als Produkt definierter Torus in der Kategorie der Produkte zweier topologischer Räume und den stetigen Abbildungen zwischen den Komponenten (denn die Kategorien sind andere).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beispiel:_Dualraum_eines_endlichdimensionalen_Vektorraums">Beispiel: Dualraum eines endlichdimensionalen Vektorraums</h3></div>
<p>Jeder endlichdimensionale Vektorraum ist isomorph zu seinem Dualraum, aber es kann sehr viele verschiedene Isomorphismen zwischen diesen beiden Räumen geben.
Im Allgemeinen gibt es keinen natürlichen Isomorphismus zwischen einem endlichdimensionalen Vektorraum und seinem Dualraum.<sup id="cite_ref-birkhoffmaclane_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkhoffmaclane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Allerdings können verwandte Kategorien (mit zusätzlicher Struktur und Beschränkungen in den Morphismen) durchaus natürliche Isomorphismen dieser Art besitzen, wie unten ausgeführt wird.
</p><p>Ein Dualraum eines endlichdimensionalen Vektorraums ist wieder ein endlichdimensionaler Vektorraum derselben Dimension, und daher sind die beiden isomorph, denn die Dimension ist die einzige Invariante endlichdimensionaler Vektorräume über einem gegebenen Körper.
Ohne weitere Einschränkungen (wie zum Beispiel die Forderung, dass Abbildungen gewählte Basen erhalten) ist so ein Isomorphismus nicht eindeutig, von trivialen Ausnahmen abgesehen.
Ein solcher Isomorphismus erfordert eine bestimmte Wahl, und das ist „nicht natürlich“.
In der Kategorie der endlichdimensionalen Vektorräume und linearen Abbildungen kann man eine Familie von Isomorphismen zwischen Räumen und ihren Dualräumen bilden (etwa indem man Basen wählt und dann die zugehörigen Isomorphismen), aber eine solche Familie definiert niemals eine natürliche Transformation.
Intuitiv liegt das an den zu treffenden Wahlen, mathematisch strikt liegt das daran, dass keine solche Wahl mit allen linearen Abbildungen kommutiert (wie in obiger Definition), siehe<sup id="cite_ref-birkhoffmaclane_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkhoffmaclane-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für eine detaillierte Diskussion.
</p><p>Betrachtet man endlichdimensionale Vektorräume und darauf den identischen Funktor und den Dualraumfunktor, so kann man einen natürlichen Isomorphismus definieren, aber dazu muss man zusätzliche Struktur hinzufügen und die Morphismen von „beliebige lineare Abbildungen“ auf „diese Struktur erhaltende lineare Abbildungen“ einschränken.
Genauer muss jeder endlichdimensionale Vektorraum eine Zusatzstruktur haben, die einen Isomorphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{V}\colon V\to V^{*}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{V}\colon V\to V^{*}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c45c37d921fca4a69c6e0510cd40435e26e5509.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.058ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{V}\colon V\to V^{*}}" loading="lazy"></span> in den Dualraum festlegt.
Dazu betrachtet man Vektorräume mit einer <a href="Nicht-ausgeartete_Bilinearform" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicht-ausgeartete Bilinearform">nicht-ausgearteten Bilinearform</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{V}\colon V\times V\to K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{V}\colon V\times V\to K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97a9c437e87112c4b58050a7f71dc9a08cce43b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.622ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{V}\colon V\times V\to K}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Dadurch erhält man eine Familie von Isomorphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{V}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{V}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8265f4a081810e2b9cee176e6f0298b28b4fc946.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.652ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{V}}" loading="lazy"></span> für jedes Objekt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> der Kategorie.
Dann schränkt man die Morphismen auf diejenigen linearen Abbildungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\colon V\to U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\colon V\to U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94c34110b85425ea09f0be8f9a60e8d02f2647a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.854ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\colon V\to U}" loading="lazy"></span> ein, die mit diesen Morphismen kommutieren, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T^{*}(\eta _{U}(T(v)))=\eta _{V}(v)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T^{*}(\eta _{U}(T(v)))=\eta _{V}(v)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29a34524936061787df4f6d77e0f45077aeade46.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.301ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T^{*}(\eta _{U}(T(v)))=\eta _{V}(v)}" loading="lazy"></span>, oder mit anderen Worten, die die Bilinearform erhalten, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b_{U}(T(v),T(w))=b_{V}(v,w)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b_{U}(T(v),T(w))=b_{V}(v,w)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/885cbc683f73d4265a1c16b9a5a71f84bcfbcd5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.243ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b_{U}(T(v),T(w))=b_{V}(v,w)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Die so entstandene Kategorie, endlichdimensionale Vektorräume mit einer nicht-ausgearteten Bilinearform und lineare Abbildungen, die die Bilinearformen erhalten, hat nach Konstruktion einen natürlichen Isomorphismus von der Identität auf den Dualraumfunktor.
Diese Art der Konstruktion – füge jedem Objekt eine Transformation als Zusatzstruktur hinzu und schränke die Morphismen auf solche ein, die diese Zusatzstruktur erhalten – hängt nicht von speziellen Eigenschaften der Vektorräume ab.
</p><p>In dieser Kategorie (endlichdimensionale Vektorräume mit nicht-ausgearteter Bilinearform und lineare Abbildungen, die diese Bilinearformen erhalten), können die dualen Abbildungen mit <a href="Transponierte_Matrix" title="Transponierte Matrix">Transpositionen</a> identifiziert werden.
Aus geometrisch motivierten Gründen interessiert man sich für spezielle Unterkategorien, bei denen man weitergehende Eigenschaften der nicht-ausgearteten Bilinearform fordert, etwa dass diese <a href="Symmetrische_Bilinearform" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrische Bilinearform">symmetrisch</a>, symmetrisch und <a href="Positiv_definit" class="mw-redirect" title="Positiv definit">positiv definit</a>, <a href="Hermitesche_Sesquilinearform" title="Hermitesche Sesquilinearform">hermitesch</a> oder <a href="Schiefsymmetrische_Bilinearform" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiefsymmetrische Bilinearform">schiefsymmetrisch</a> ist.
In all diesen Kategorien kann ein Vektorraum unter Benutzung der Bilinearform auf natürliche Weise mit seinem Dualraum identifiziert werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operationen_mit_natürlichen_Transformation"><span id="Operationen_mit_nat.C3.BCrlichen_Transformation"></span>Operationen mit natürlichen Transformation</h2></div>
<p>Sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dbf7a7607ffb85612e0abc461850ef1f67265b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03912109c661f225fe10c83c179e310069680bf9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.482ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> natürliche Transformationen der Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F,G,H\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F,G,H\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c1261181ab29fdd6e50465959a28760d0c21af02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.378ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F,G,H\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, können wir sie zu einer natürlichen Transposition <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta \colon F\to H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta \colon F\to H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5e2270d5c07e0c051c6c7dbd309e74b5b587aaf4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.566ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta \colon F\to H}" loading="lazy"></span> komponieren.
Dies geschieht komponentenweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\epsilon \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{X}\eta _{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\epsilon \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{X}\eta _{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6d80f2f406d020c72536ea487138c863bfbb8ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.018ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\epsilon \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{X}\eta _{X}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<p>Diese „vertikale Komposition“ natürlicher Transformationen ist assoziativ und hat identische Elemente (die identischen Transformationen von einem Funktor zu sich selbst).
Dadurch kann man die Gesamtheit der Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4afc624b5e4d7030088eca335ca0c37c84a66d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.645ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den natürlichen Transformationen als Morphismen wieder zu einer Kategorie machen, zu einer sogenannten <a href="Funktorkategorie" title="Funktorkategorie">Funktorkategorie</a>.
</p><p>Natürliche Transformationen haben auch eine „horizontale Komposition“.
Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dbf7a7607ffb85612e0abc461850ef1f67265b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> eine natürliche Transformation zwischen Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbe7c6e7dc8189e49635e017a6181a3d27fbc945.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.28ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon J\to K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon J\to K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6daf31d53a4fe4ba08f9f59b3cb197b667efb4e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.129ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon J\to K}" loading="lazy"></span>
eine natürliche Transformation zwischen Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J,K\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J,K\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/550680526de2a7a377fa2585e01464dd9cb17692.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.322ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J,K\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann erlaubt die Komposition der Funktoren eine natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon *\eta \colon JF\to KG}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon *\eta \colon JF\to KG}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/220764edd0744a665d5acc9949bd02e5f5c281cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.061ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon *\eta \colon JF\to KG}" loading="lazy"></span> wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\epsilon \ast \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{G(X)}J(\eta _{X})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\epsilon \ast \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{G(X)}J(\eta _{X})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95114221d92330680b07ff18cd365a1a809afd30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:22.064ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\epsilon \ast \eta )_{X}=\epsilon _{G(X)}J(\eta _{X})}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<p>Diese Operation ist ebenfalls assoziativ und hat dieselben identischen Transformationen wie die vertikale Komposition.
</p>
<p>Die beiden Operationen hängen über eine Beziehung zusammen, die vertikale und die horizontale Kompositionen sind vertauschbar.
Haben wir vier natürliche Transformationen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\alpha ',\beta ,\beta '}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ,\alpha ',\beta ,\beta '}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a70e0ea206c84c6a7551b0f6df27fdf0c2237003.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.115ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\alpha ',\beta ,\beta '}" loading="lazy"></span> wie im nebenstehenden Bild, so gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\beta '\alpha ')*(\beta \alpha )=(\beta '*\beta )(\alpha '*\alpha ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\beta '\alpha ')*(\beta \alpha )=(\beta '*\beta )(\alpha '*\alpha ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19f405a35aadced9a7ec689965c00a302581c372.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.594ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\beta '\alpha ')*(\beta \alpha )=(\beta '*\beta )(\alpha '*\alpha ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dbf7a7607ffb85612e0abc461850ef1f67265b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> eine natürliche Transformationen zwischen Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbe7c6e7dc8189e49635e017a6181a3d27fbc945.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.28ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F,G\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">E</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6078e2687a4d8913c0af18ea9856c8fea40b0597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.815ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\colon {\mathcal {D}}\to {\mathcal {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Funktor, so können wir durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (H\eta )_{X}=H(\eta _{X})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (H\eta )_{X}=H(\eta _{X})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0c0cda465a483c2c24aee4a0f20c14c0ee79fc4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.434ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (H\eta )_{X}=H(\eta _{X})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\eta \colon HF\to HG}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\eta \colon HF\to HG}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9258297c64ae30b155322d3ec03a1e02c6412703.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.576ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\eta \colon HF\to HG}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden.
Ist auf der anderen Seite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K\colon {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K\colon {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00d74bb1fdbe9310979c84c063660edcbfc0c252.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.496ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K\colon {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein weiterer Funktor, so wird durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\eta K)_{X}=\eta _{K(X)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\eta K)_{X}=\eta _{K(X)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fb57b867900a23f4df66e3358f712e171a21cc8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:15.303ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\eta K)_{X}=\eta _{K(X)}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta K\colon FK\to GK}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta K\colon FK\to GK}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79ca119575c7c641e30a7ccf2be3b6b2246f80c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.583ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta K\colon FK\to GK}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert.
In diesen Fällen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H\eta =1_{H}*\eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H\eta =1_{H}*\eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fd0f1a373a5b901cf24c239fc85c5866344bbc7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.55ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H\eta =1_{H}*\eta }" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta K=\eta *1_{K}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>K</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta K=\eta *1_{K}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d30d3816b68e5b8718c8b416485cf286cb755b94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.554ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta K=\eta *1_{K}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktorkategorien">Funktorkategorien</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Funktorkategorie" title="Funktorkategorie">Funktorkategorie</a></i></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> irgendeine Kategorie und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Kleine_Kategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleine Kategorie">kleine Kategorie</a>, so kann man die Funktorkategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> bilden, die als Objekte alle Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e6f26e43e69238431b745f504354a1784109ef35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.025ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und als Morphismen alle natürlichen Transformationen zwischen diesen Funktoren hat.
Dies bildet eine Kategorie, weil es zu jedem Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}" loading="lazy"></span> die identische natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1_{F}\colon F\to F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1_{F}\colon F\to F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec5d8a6508929c352881e792e886947cb13fabf0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.755ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1_{F}\colon F\to F}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt und die Komposition (nämlich die oben beschriebene vertikale Komposition) zweier natürlicher Transformationen wieder eine natürliche Transformation ist.
</p><p>Die Isomorphismen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind genau die natürlichen Isomorphismen.
Das heißt eine natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6dbf7a7607ffb85612e0abc461850ef1f67265b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.385ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \colon F\to G}" loading="lazy"></span> ist genau dann ein Isomorphismus, wenn es eine natürliche Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to F}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>F</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to F}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88851bb8c242b23767465624bff67ebe9b23e752.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.16ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \colon G\to F}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta \epsilon =1_{G}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta \epsilon =1_{G}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f920b5ead67580649811e78173e6a9cfde605ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.898ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta \epsilon =1_{G}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta =1_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta =1_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a337d5af3ade2e47202b0bccb89290de97d23680.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.838ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon \eta =1_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Funktorkategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist besonders nützlich, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Gerichteter_Graph" title="Gerichteter Graph">gerichteter Graph</a> zugrunde liegt.
Ist zum Beispiel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> die Kategorie zum gerichteten Graphen „• → •“, so hat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> als Objekte die Morphismen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und ein Morphismus zwischen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \colon U\to V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \colon U\to V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cb1e4ba3c72e42704508d821a7eca6e149d0be3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.603ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \colon U\to V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi \colon X\to Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \colon X\to Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/afd04074990aa331b7830e16358629f6004adfd1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.914ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \colon X\to Y}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Paar von Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon U\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon U\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0831610f34b8066d8e36a8a52493c8c6a4d70404.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon U\to X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\colon V\to Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\colon V\to Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b4ded20b96c4033e98d0525c05d51001bfe7bf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.325ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\colon V\to Y}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass das „Quadrat kommutiert“, das heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi \circ f=g\circ \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi \circ f=g\circ \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1eb3f524925b1f98871a7e2a177f24206de6b505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.781ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi \circ f=g\circ \phi }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cat_als_2-Kategorie">Cat als 2-Kategorie</h3></div>
<p>Allgemein hat man die <a href="2-Kategorie" title="2-Kategorie">2-Kategorie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Cat}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Cat</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {Cat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c70ca81f6dc7501c0b27d754c1dfa2a9e5150a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.27ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {Cat}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit
</p>
<ul><li>allen kleinen Kategorien als Objekte,</li>
<li>allen Funktoren zwischen den kleinen Kategorien als Morphismen,</li>
<li>allen natürlichen Transformationen zwischen den Funktoren als 2-Morphismen.</li></ul>
<p>Die horizontalen und vertikalen Kompositionen sind die oben beschriebenen Kompositionen zwischen den natürlichen Transformationen.
Eine Funktorkategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1b21f9f49001cada4f204bc44e6c76a92d8c7d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}^{I}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann einfach eine Hom-Menge in dieser Kategorie, wobei wir Kleinheitsprobleme beiseitelassen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Beispiele">Weitere Beispiele</h3></div>
<p>Jeder <a href="Limes_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Limes (Kategorientheorie)">Limes</a> und jeder <a href="Kolimes" title="Kolimes">Kolimes</a> liefert ein Beispiel für eine einfache natürliche Transformation, denn ein <a href="Kegel_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Kegel (Kategorientheorie)">Kegel</a> ist eine natürliche Transformation zum <a href="Diagonalfunktor" title="Diagonalfunktor">Diagonalfunktor</a>.
Wenn man Limites und Kolimites mittels <a href="Universelle_Eigenschaft" title="Universelle Eigenschaft">universeller Eigenschaften</a> definiert, handelt es sich um universelle Morphismen in der Funktorkategorie.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lemma_von_Yoneda">Lemma von Yoneda</h2></div>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Lokal_kleine_Kategorie" title="Lokal kleine Kategorie">lokal kleine Kategorie</a> (das heißt, die Morphismen zwischen je zwei Objekten bilden eine Menge), so ist die Zuordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y\mapsto {\text{Hom}}_{\mathcal {C}}(X,Y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
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<mtext>Hom</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y\mapsto {\text{Hom}}_{\mathcal {C}}(X,Y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/104df10624be2d469b9fd62daa161685cb6e5126.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.934ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y\mapsto {\text{Hom}}_{\mathcal {C}}(X,Y)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein kovarianter Funktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{X}\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
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<mi>X</mi>
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<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext mathvariant="bold">Set</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{X}\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7922ce73accc2b3944bdb39b3dfd642a3a7d2b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.764ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{X}\colon {\mathcal {C}}\to {\textbf {Set}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Ein solcher Funktor heißt <a href="Darstellbarkeit_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Darstellbarkeit (Kategorientheorie)">darstellbar</a>, allgemeiner ist ein darstellbarer Funktor ein Funktor, der natürlich isomorph zu einem Funktor dieser Art ist.
Die natürlichen Transformationen von einem darstellbaren Funktor zu einem beliebigen Funktor sind vollständig bekannt und leicht zu beschreiben, dies ist genau der Inhalt des <a href="Lemma_von_Yoneda" title="Lemma von Yoneda">Lemmas von Yoneda</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historische_Bemerkungen">Historische Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<p><a href="Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a>, einer der Begründer der Kategorientheorie, schreibt in<sup id="cite_ref-maclane_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maclane-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: „Kategorien wurden definiert, um Funktoren definieren zu können, und Funktoren wurden definiert, um natürliche Transformationen definieren zu können.“
Genauso wie das Studium der Gruppen ohne das Studium der Gruppenhomomorphismen unvollständig ist, bleibt das Studium der Kategorien ohne die Untersuchung von Funktoren unvollständig. Nach Mac Lanes Kommentar ist auch das Studium der Funktoren ohne das Studium der natürlichen Transformationen unvollständig.
</p><p>Ähnlich äußert sich <a href="Peter_Freyd" title="Peter Freyd">Peter Freyd</a> in<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:„Es ist zumindest historisch gesehen nicht zu abwegig, zu sagen, dass Kategorien das sind, was man definieren muss, um Funktoren zu definieren, und Funktoren das sind, was man definieren muss, um natürliche Transformationen zu definieren.“
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="%C3%84quivalenz_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Äquivalenz (Kategorientheorie)">Äquivalenz (Kategorientheorie)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>J. Adamek, H. Herrlich, G. Strecker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katmat.math.uni-bremen.de/acc/acc.pdf">Abstract and Concrete Categories-The Joy of Cats</a></li>
<li><a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/">Category Theory</a>"—von Jean-Pierre Marquis, mit umfangreichen Literaturangaben.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Riehl: <cite style="font-style:italic">Category Theory in Context</cite>. AMS Dover Publications, 2016, ISBN 0-486-80903-X, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Definition 1.4.1</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nat%C3%BCrliche+Transformation&rft.au=Emily+Riehl&rft.btitle=Category+Theory+in+Context&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=048680903X&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=AMS+Dover+Publications" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Brandenburg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Kategorientheorie</cite>. Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-53520-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>62</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Definition 3.4.1</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nat%C3%BCrliche+Transformation&rft.au=Martin+Brandenburg&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Kategorientheorie&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662535202&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-birkhoffmaclane-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-birkhoffmaclane_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-birkhoffmaclane_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders Mac Lane, Garrett Birkhoff: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 3. Auflage. AMS Chelsea Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-8218-1646-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">§VI.4</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nat%C3%BCrliche+Transformation&rft.au=Saunders+Mac+Lane%2C+Garrett+Birkhoff&rft.btitle=Algebra&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0821816462&rft.pub=AMS+Chelsea+Publishing" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-maclane-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-maclane_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders Mac Lane: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Categories_for_the_Working_Mathematician" title="Categories for the Working Mathematician">Categories for the Working Mathematician</a></cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, 1998, ISBN 0-387-98403-8, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nat%C3%BCrliche+Transformation&rft.au=Saunders+Mac+Lane&rft.btitle=Categories+for+the+Working+Mathematician&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0387984038&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Freyd: <cite style="font-style:italic">Abelean Categories</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>. Harper and Row, 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>23–164</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Nat%C3%BCrliche+Transformation&rft.atitle=Abelean+Categories&rft.au=Peter+J.+Freyd&rft.btitle=Reprints+in+Theory+and+Applications+of+Categories&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=23-164&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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